Suzanne Sears<\/a> (Co-Administrator of the Cyr Surname DNA Group Project, which I Administer), to provide me a _basic_ explanation of the process, as it pertains to Pierre Sire (my first ancestor) and my own DNA testing.<\/p>\nIn part, my message to Suzanne stated: “Suzanne, I still have difficulty getting my head around how Pierre Sire can be traced, when we don’t (obviously) have HIS DNA… and never will. Can you give me a _simple_ [actually, _very simple_] \ud83d\ude42 explanation!”<\/p>\n
Here is Suzanne’s reply:<\/p>\n
We DO have Pierre’s DNA………….You and Peter (another tested member of the Cyr Surname DNA Group)……….an exact copy……….that’s why you two are nearly perfect copies of each other……. and you both descend from Pierre.<\/p>\n
It works like this………….<\/p>\n
Lets assume Pierre is one of 5 original men on the planet………..for now.<\/p>\n
DNA is two spindles of thread………..<\/p>\n
One male
\nOne female<\/p>\n
Those two spindles are the blueprints for making a human being.<\/p>\n
The two spindles twirl around each other…………<\/p>\n
But if you break them apart:<\/p>\n
you will get<\/p>\n
one female spindle
\none male spindle<\/p>\n
——————-<\/p>\n
So when Pierre took a wife………..<\/p>\n
to make a new human being………<\/p>\n
His DNA spindle broke apart…………into a male and a female portion……..<\/p>\n
The female portion was scrapped………only the male portion would go forward to be used for the baby<\/p>\n
His wife: same thing: her DNA broke apart………….<\/p>\n
her female DNA
\nher male DNA………<\/p>\n
But now the male part is scrapped and only the female part goes ahead……..<\/p>\n
———-<\/p>\n
So we take the male thread from Pierre
\nthe female part from Marie Bourgeois<\/p>\n
and bingo: you have Jean Baptiste………..and Jean Francois, and Guillaume<\/p>\n
Each one of these men carries that first thread from Pierre……………in a near perfect copy…….the odd mutation.<\/p>\n
————<\/p>\n
And every single male from then onwards:<\/p>\n
always is using that same first thread of Pierre<\/p>\n
So you today: are a mix of Pierres first thread and whomever your mother was………<\/p>\n
But Pierres original thread is in you…………<\/p>\n
and for every male for all time: down the Pierre Sirre lineage:
\nis a copy of Pierre……….<\/p>\n
It never never never changes……..not the male DNA…………down the male side………….
\nsame original thread used to make every single male for all of history
\n—————<\/p>\n
The question we dont know is: who did Pierre get his thread from………who was his father………..<\/p>\n
—————<\/p>\n
12 markers is a good idea of the basic white cotten thread
\n(using a picture)<\/p>\n
that was the starting point anciently…………<\/p>\n
So using your imagination now<\/p>\n
think back 1,000 years………..and there is a tribe somewhere in Germany of 10 men……
\none of those men was carrying that thread……….<\/p>\n
and spread it forward through sons to get to Pierre……………and now you and Peter<\/p>\n
————-<\/p>\n
Pierre lives in you…………..if he was here: even 400years later: your male DNA would be an identical match within just a small variation……<\/p>\n
No one else on this planet would match Pierre Sirre better than you and Peter……….<\/p>\n
Time makes little to no difference<\/p>\n
————<\/p>\n
Example: they found a cave in Germany with about 3,000 old skeletons: obviously from some kind of war<\/p>\n
So on whim: they said: lets test people nearby…………..within 30k……….to see who was here back then and who is here now<\/p>\n
And they found genetic matches!!!!<\/p>\n
People genetically related to these dead guys from 3,000 years ago: all still living in the same damn place.<\/p>\n
Thats why DNA is valuable for geography: people really dont move all that much……….despite modern times.<\/p>\n
Like you expect to find polar bears in the Arctic: but if you find one in the North West Territories: you arent too surprised: but it might be just a few.<\/p>\n
Well people are pretty much like that too……………a few move: most dont shift far from their ancestral homes.<\/p>\n
——-<\/p>\n
So using Pierres DNA we can without a doubt find where he came from:
\nand right now the best information is Flanders<\/p>\n
possibly over to Belgium and Holland………<\/p>\n
This is his ancestral home base………..<\/p>\n
doesnt mean he lived there in 1644………only that most of his kin folk did.<\/p>\n
————-<\/p>\n
Hope this helps a bit………<\/p>\n
There are no unique human beings: each of us is a copy of someone who lived before right back to 250,000 years ago.<\/p>\n
Of the native women in Canada: they all come from just 5 original women: 250,000 years ago.<\/p>\n
Each one alive today is a copy of one that lived then.<\/p>\n
Here’s an easier way to understand what I wrote in the previous email<\/p>\n
Imagine:<\/p>\n
A white thread in your left hand: a Male thread
\nA black thread in your right hand: a Female thread<\/p>\n
Now twist and twirl them together=a new human being<\/p>\n
——————-<\/p>\n
Lets argue it’s a son………….<\/p>\n
Now this son gets married and has a baby<\/p>\n
His threads unravel………..and goes back to being separate threads<\/p>\n
One white male thread
\nOne black female thread<\/p>\n
Just like it was when his parents got together and shared their DNA to make him……<\/p>\n
His wifes DNA will do the same thing………<\/p>\n
she too has her DNA broken down into 2 threads……..
\none male from her Dad
\none female from her Mom<\/p>\n
So now we are going to make a new human………<\/p>\n
We will take the male thread from this original son
\nWe will take the female thread from the new wife<\/p>\n
(the rest is scrapped: the male dumps his female thread
\nthe female dumps her male thread)<\/p>\n
——————-<\/p>\n
So now we have:<\/p>\n
a white thread from the male son
\na black thread from the female new wife<\/p>\n
and they twist back up to make a new person…………<\/p>\n
————————-<\/p>\n
the key point to remember though is:<\/p>\n
That white male thread is the same darn white male thread this new father to be
\ngot to begin with<\/p>\n
He never got new white threads……..
\nHis son will never get new white threads…….<\/p>\n
for the next 100,000 years:<\/p>\n
all the males will reuse that same white male thread:
\nfor every new male born<\/p>\n
thats why your white male thread is a copy of Pierre………..
\nbecause its the only white thread he had to pass on…….<\/p>\n
and he got it from his Dad
\nand he got it from his Grandfather<\/p>\n
and all your sons will have that same white thread…<\/p>\n
250,000 years from now:<\/p>\n
All males that descend from Pierre will still be using that same white thread…….<\/p>\n
——————-<\/p>\n
It just keeps unravelling and then tieing back up as each child is born
\njust the female thread changes in the equation
\nsince each new generation has a new Mom………<\/p>\n
And thats why we only use Male DNA to do the tracking with………….because its the same white thread since the beginning of time……..with just a very few breakages or mutations along the way<\/p>\n
———————<\/p>\n
Its only the female DNA that creates variation…….mtDNA……….<\/p>\n
but we will never know Pierres female DNA thread………because he never had any sisters that we know of……….and he doesnt pass forward female DNA……..only his own male DNA…..<\/p>\n
The male DNA never never changes………….<\/p>\n
It’s a recipe……..that never changes…………<\/p>\n
———-<\/p>\n
So when they do DNA testing:
\nthats exactly what they do<\/p>\n
they break the male and female threads apart:<\/p>\n
and give you the outline of the male thread……<\/p>\n
——————————-<\/p>\n
The numbers indicate how many……..<\/p>\n
so for example:<\/p>\n
At maker 390=23<\/p>\n
It means: in that small space called 390………..there are 23 repeats of a chemical……..<\/p>\n
In my DNA at 390= I have 24 repeats of that chemical………<\/p>\n
Thats how we know we arent bloodline related…………<\/p>\n
Because Pierres thread carried 23 repeats
\nand its nearly impossible for that to randomly become 24 repeats in only 400 years.<\/p>\n
The pattern of the thread repeats itself so nearly perfectly each time.<\/p>\n
—————<\/p>\n
so on a tribal level:<\/p>\n
only persons with 23 repeats at 390 share the same tribal background: the Frankish Germans<\/p>\n
and I share a tribal background with those humans who had 24: ………the Celts<\/p>\n
this is how they know that Germans and Celts were not the same race of people…….<\/p>\n
—————————<\/p>\n
When you review basic 12 marker tests for the numbers:<\/p>\n
it is telling you how many repeats there are at each step along the way<\/p>\n
13 23 14 11<\/p>\n
Means…
\nstep one: 13 repeats
\nstep two: 23 repeats
\nstep three: 14 repeats
\nstep four: 11 repeats<\/p>\n
Now they can tell you: that people with this exact pattern of repeated numbers:
\nlived in a certain geography at a certain time in history……….<\/p>\n
they can track them backwards in time to the biggest concentrations of these patterns
\nwhere they are today
\nwhere they said they came from
\nwhere they were before<\/p>\n
———<\/p>\n
Mine is: 13 24 14 10………and they can also tell you where that pattern was back in time………<\/p>\n
So while your people were somewhere in Frankish German territory
\nmine were busy in Celtic regions: specifically Ireland<\/p>\n
———-<\/p>\n
These are called Clusters………and certain patterns of numbers cluster in certain geographies<\/p>\n
Just like Penguins: who have their own DNA are not found in the Sahara in general………
\nbut cluster in the Antarctic………<\/p>\n
And Pierres pattern clusters around Holland……some to the left and some to the south and some to the north……….<\/p>\n
In particular he shares some unique marker repeat sequences
\nthat are usually found in Flanders only………..<\/p>\n
yDNA and mtDNA are NOT the same thing:
\nthey aren’t equal but rather opposite forms of each other……<\/p>\n
yDNA is the “thread” that passes strictly from male to male for all time……..<\/p>\n
Females DON’T have it……..
\nmtDNA: comes strictly from FEMALES; but BOTH males and females get it passed to them from their mother…..
\nmtDNA: is the very smallest chromosome:<\/p>\n
Humans are made up of 23 pairs of chromosome: = 46 total
\nOne complete set from each parent:<\/p>\n
They are numbered one through 23:<\/p>\n
from smallest size to largest size<\/p>\n
The number 23 Chromosome is the one which determines our sex one; whether we are male or female.
\nSo except for chromosome number 23, all humans are fundamentally identical in makeup
\nOn chromosome number 23, males differ:……..
\nFemales get two big copies of what we call X…….they are thus XX at number 23
\nMales get one X and one Y………
\nIt’s that Y that is used to do the genetic testing called yDNA testing
\nand there is NO female contribution in that chromosome. None. 100% of it came only from the male ancestors
\nmtDNA is tested from chromosome number one:
\nThe Mom is the supplier, but she supplies it to BOTH her male and female offspring…….
\nYour mtDNA is from Mom; but both brothers and sisters will have the same one too
\nSo if we took Pierre for an example:
\nHe ONLY carried the YDNA from his father: and it is what all the Cyr men carry forward
\nBUT
\nHe carried the mtDNA of his Mom…….and all previous females down his tree…..
\nBUT he could NOT pass it forward……so it died with him
\nOnly if he had had a sister, would the mtDNA go forward
\notherwise: it stopped at his generation in his particular tree
\nThus mtDNA in sons Jean Baptiste, Jean Pierre and Guillaume came from Marie Bourgeois:
\nbut since they were all males with no sisters
\nHER DNA died for the Cyr lineage anyway
\n(I can’t recall if she had a daughter by subsequent marriage)
\n-if she did, it passed forward that way.
\nSo mtDNA tells us something about mothers
\nall your brothers and sisters would have the same mtDNA
\nbut<\/p>\n
it tells you nothing about the male lineage
\nmtDNA is stronger and lasts longer than yDNA
\nso in skeletons, sometimes its all that one can test
\nMost of the ancestors in North America people want to know about are original males,
\nmainly because they represented the overwhelming number of unknowns
\nFurther, one would have to know the vastly more complex maternal family trees to use mtDNA to track
\nas women names changed every time they got married or in France inherited new estates
\nIts massively complex to track these multiple last names
\nthrough several marriages and inheritances
\nand much more simple to track male names, as they rarely changed
\nSuzanne Sears<\/a><\/p>\n[Note from Yvon: Suzanne is the Co-Administrator of my Cyr Family DNA Group Project]<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Click here to have your own Cyr DNA tested<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"A Basic Explanation of Genetic DNA as it Applies to Genealogy December 3, 2010: In my continued effort to understand the principles of genetic DNA as it applies to genealogy, I asked Suzanne Sears (Co-Administrator of the Cyr Surname DNA Group Project, which I Administer), to provide me a _basic_ explanation of the process, as […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":1150,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"iawp_total_views":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1156","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n
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