{"id":1581,"date":"2016-09-02T10:14:32","date_gmt":"2016-09-02T14:14:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/acadiantest.cocompass.com\/?page_id=1581"},"modified":"2018-12-01T17:20:52","modified_gmt":"2018-12-01T22:20:52","slug":"louisiana-french-rule","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/acadiantest.cocompass.com\/fr\/culture\/louisiana\/louisiana-french-rule\/","title":{"rendered":"Louisiana Under French Rule"},"content":{"rendered":"<p align=\"CENTER\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/acadiantest.cocompass.com\/images\/Louisiana%20Under%20French%20Rule.jpg\" width=\"780\" height=\"200\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">[Original French Article Posted Below English Text]<\/p>\n<table border=\"2\" width=\"90%\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Sommaire: Cet article d\u00e9crit la naissance et le d\u00e9veloppement de la Louisiane sous le r\u00e9gime fran\u00e7ais depuis la d\u00e9couverte du Mississippi par les Espagnols jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 la vente finale par Napol\u00e9on aux Am\u00e9ricains. On y discute de la prise de possession de la Louisiane par les Fran\u00e7ais, de l&#8217;exploration d\u00e9taill\u00e9e du bassin versant du Mississippi par les explorateurs fran\u00e7ais et canadiens, de la colonisation fran\u00e7aise et de la transition aux Am\u00e9ricains.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p align=\"left\">Many people have forgotten that New France at its peak at the beginning of the 18th century was an empire made up of four quasi-independent colonies under the more or less real authority of a Governor General located in Qu\u00e9bec City and acting for the central French government: Plaisance ( today Newfoundland); Acadia (north-east Maine, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick); Canada (present-day Qu\u00e9bec, Labrador, Ontario to the Canadian Prairies, and the adjacent American territory down to the Ohio River); and finally French Louisiana which is the specific subject of this article.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">French Louisiana was an enormous territory which extended over the whole Mississippi River basin from the Gulf of Mexico in the South to the current Canadian border in the North, from the Appalachian Mountains in the East to the Rocky Mountains in the West. The shape of this territory can be explained easily if one remembers that it was discovered and explored by French or French-Canadian explorers travelling mostly by canoes following the river systems. Today, this entity would cover the territory of about 23 states of the present USA (see the map below).<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">The Spaniard Hernando de Soto was the first in 1542 to reach the lower Mississippi River from the East about where Memphis stands today. But his belligerent passage was opposed by the Indians and he died during the expedition. The river was not explored again by white men until 1673 after Jean Talon, Intendant of New France, ordered the Canadian Louis Jolliet to launch from Qu\u00e9bec City and explore a huge river about which the French had vaguely heard from the Indians. After making appropriate arrangements for the trip at Fort Michilimackinac at the head of Lake Michigan, Joliet set out in May 1673, accompanied by Father Jacques Marquette, seven men and two canoes. First they headed West, along the north shore of Lake Michigan, and the west shore of Green Bay. They then followed the Fox River down to a Musketoon village where they learnt of a short portage three leagues farther towards the Wisconsin River. After crossing the portage, they canoed down the Wisconsin River to the Mississippi River which they reached on 15 June. So far, they had travelled 800 kilometres, including 200 on the Wisconsin River. They travelled southward for 10 days without meeting anybody. They finally arrived at an Indian village at the junction with the Iowa River where they were well received by an Illinois tribe. In September 1673, they reached successively the junctions of the Missouri and Ohio Rivers, two large tributaries of the Mississippi River. At the mouth of the Ohio River, they had travelled nearly 2,000 kilometres. They dared not go farther because the Indians were showing signs of hostility and they decided to turn back. Their expedition ended therefore short of the border between present-day Arkansas and Louisiana. There was still 1,100 kilometres to go before reaching the mouth of the Mississippi River on the Gulf of Mexico.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">Nearly 10 years later in January 1682, Robert Cavelier de La Salle, departing from Montr\u00e9al, travelled down the Mississippi River with 23 Frenchmen and 18 Indians. In February, they reached the site of present-day Memphis, where La Salle established a small fort named Prud&#8217;homme. Cavelier de La Salle and his men finally reached the Mississippi Delta on 6 April. On 9 April, near present-day Venice (Louisiana), he officially took possession of this new territory explored in the name of the king of France and named it &#8220;Louisiane&#8221; in honour of King Louis XIV; he thus became the founder of French Louisiana.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">However, the true beginning of French settlement in Louisiana did not occur until 1697 under the leadership of Canadian Governor Pierre Le Moyne d&#8217;Iberville who founded Biloxi and made it the first capital city of Louisiana. His brother, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, carried on his work and founded Mobile in 1702, then Nouvelle-Orl\u00e9ans in 1718.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">This budding settlement of Louisiana reinforced the French presence and encouraged discovery expeditions throughout the whole Mississippi River basin. Let us mention briefly the major expeditions. In 1714, Canadian Louis Juchereau de Saint-Denis took off from Port-Dauphin (Mobile) to explore the Natchitoches region; he reached Presidio del Norte on the Rio Grande and connected with the Spaniards. He submitted his credentials in Mexico City to the Duke of Linares, Viceroy of Mexico. In the same period, \u00c9tienne V\u00e9niard de Bourgmont explored the Kansas and Platte rivers in Nebraska; later, he travelled up the Missouri River on which he established Fort Orl\u00e9ans 250 km away from the Mississippi River. Finally, he canoed up the river to Comanche country in South Dakota. In 1716, Bienville explored Natchez country and set up Fort Rosalie, and then in 1717, he raised Fort Toulouse in Alabama land. During this time, B\u00e9nard de La Harpe explored the upper Arkansas Valley to the Rocky Mountains. In 1718, Pierre du Gu\u00e9, sieur de Boisbriand, established Fort Chartres in Illinois country, at the junction of the Mississippi and Kaskaskia Rivers.<br \/>\nThe Paris Peace Treaty of 1763, which put an end to the Seven Year War, granted all the Louisiana territory on the east bank of the Mississippi River to the British. French Louisiana was left with the territories on the west bank of the Mississippi all the way up to Canada and in the river delta on the Gulf of Mexico. Three years later in 1766, the French government in a weak financial and diplomatic position entered into a secret treaty with Spain by which the latter was given sovereignty over the remaining French Louisiana, a situation which lasted from 1766 to 1803. During this period, Louisiana population rose from 12,000 to 50,000 inhabitants, mostly French, Canadians or Acadians. This large increase can be explained by the arrival of numerous Acadian deportees after 1755, of Frenchmen fleeing the French Revolution of 1789 and of Creoles fleeing Haiti&#8217;s revolution of 1791.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">In 1803, the Spaniards returned Louisiana to France then governed by Emperor Napol\u00e9on, who was in dire financial straits and saddled with difficult strategic issues on the European continent. He understood readily that he could not defend Louisiana against the Americans to whom he owed a lot of money. After rather hasty negotiations, he sold Louisiana to the Americans for about 15 million dollars. On 20 December 1803, the American flag was flying over Louisiana. In 1804, the Americans divided Louisiana in two entities: Upper Louisiana, North of the 33rd parallel, became the Louisiana Territory under Governor Claiborne; Lower Louisiana, South of the 33rd parallel, became the Orl\u00e9ans&#8217; Territory. On 8 April 1812, the latter territory joined the American Union and became the State of Louisiana with a first constitution drafted in French and English.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">Canadian participation in the territory&#8217;s exploration continued even after the American takeover. For example, the famous Lewis and Clark expedition to the Pacific coast was made possible thanks to the presence of Canadian and Indian guides. Worth mentioning are Canadians Pierre Dorion, Toussaint Charbonneau and his Indian wife, Fran\u00e7ois Labiche and Georges Drouillard, whose knowledge of Indian languages and territory and hunting skills were essential to the success of the expedition.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">France was very well served by her pioneers, discoverers, explorers, missionaries, settlers and trappers in North America. Beyond their audacity and their evident moral and physical courage and hardiness, these individuals seemed possessed with a strategic vision of the French presence in America and had the intelligence to establish generally good relations with Indian tribes, without which the penetration of this enormous continent on such a large scale by such a small band of largely unarmed men would have been unthinkable. To the contrary, France was badly served by the royal metropolitan government, which was obsessed with its European dynastic wars and showed little understanding of the conditions essential to the creation and the maintenance of an overseas empire. If the skills of the ruling class had been on a par with those of the people on the ground, the fate of North America could have been very different. However that may be, descendants of these French pioneers can be proud of the traces left by their ancestors across the face of North America&#8211;traces that are still visible today all over the continent and are still alive in many regions of the United States and Canada.<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/acadiantest.cocompass.com\/images\/northamericamap.JPG\" width=\"800\" height=\"570\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">La Louisiane fran\u00e7aise<\/p>\n<p>Beaucoup de gens ont oubli\u00e9 que la Nouvelle-France \u00e0 son apog\u00e9e au d\u00e9but du XVIII\u00e8me si\u00e8cle \u00e9tait la d\u00e9nomination recouvrant quatre colonies quasi-ind\u00e9pendantes sous la direction plus ou moins th\u00e9orique d&#8217;un gouverneur-g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sis \u00e0 Qu\u00e9bec et agissant pour le gouvernement m\u00e9tropolitain de la France : Plaisance (aujourd&#8217;hui Terre-Neuve); l&#8217;Acadie (la partie nord-est du Maine, l&#8217;\u00cele-du-Prince-\u00c9douard, la Nouvelle-\u00c9cosse, et le Nouveau-Brunswick); le Canada (le Qu\u00e9bec actuel, le Labrador, l&#8217;Ontario jusqu&#8217;au Winnipeg d&#8217;aujourd&#8217;hui, et le territoire am\u00e9ricain adjacent jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 la rivi\u00e8re Ohio) et finalement la Louisiane fran\u00e7aise qui fait l&#8217;objet particulier de cet article.<\/p>\n<p>La Louisiane fran\u00e7aise \u00e9tait un \u00e9norme territoire qui s&#8217;\u00e9tendait sur tout le bassin versant du fleuve Mississippi du golfe du Mexique au sud \u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re actuelle du Canada au nord, des contreforts des Appalaches \u00e0 l&#8217;est aux contreforts des Rocheuses \u00e0 l&#8217;ouest. La forme de ce territoire se comprend bien si l&#8217;on sait qu&#8217;il fut d\u00e9couvert et explor\u00e9 par des explorateurs fran\u00e7ais ou canadiens (-fran\u00e7ais) voyageant surtout en canot et suivant les cours d&#8217;eau. Cette entit\u00e9 comprendrait aujourd&#8217;hui le territoire d&#8217;environ 23 des \u00c9tats am\u00e9ricains actuels. Voir la carte ci-jointe.<\/p>\n<p>C&#8217;est l&#8217;Espagnol Hernando de Soto qui fut le premier \u00e0 atteindre le Mississipi inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 la hauteur de Memphis \u00e0 partir de l&#8217;est, mais son passage belliqueux fut repouss\u00e9 par les Indiens et il mourut pendant l&#8217;exp\u00e9dition. Il faut attendre 1673 pour que le cours du fleuve soit explor\u00e9 \u00e0 nouveau par des Blancs. Sur l&#8217;ordre de Jean Talon, intendant de la Nouvelle-France, le Canadien Louis Jolliet part de Qu\u00e9bec pour explorer le fleuve dont on a vaguement entendu parler par les Indiens. Apr\u00e8s avoir pr\u00e9par\u00e9 son voyage en d\u00e9tail au Fort Michillimackinac, il se met en route en mai 1673, accompagn\u00e9 du p\u00e8re Jacques Marquette, de sept hommes et de deux canots. Ils se dirigent d&#8217;abord vers l&#8217;ouest, longeant la rive nord du lac Michigan puis la rive occidentale de la baie des Puants (Green Bay). Puis, ils descendent la rivi\u00e8re aux Renards jusqu&#8217;au village des Mascoutins. L\u00e0, ils apprennent l&#8217;existence, trois lieues plus loin, d&#8217;un affluent du Mississippi. Ils font donc du portage jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 la rivi\u00e8re Wisconsin. C&#8217;est en la descendant qu&#8217;ils atteignent le Mississippi le 15 juin. Jusqu&#8217;alors, ils ont fait 800 kilom\u00e8tres dont pr\u00e8s de 200 sur la Wisconsin. Pendant dix jours, ils continuent vers le sud sans rencontrer \u00e2me qui vive. Ils arrivent \u00e0 leur premier village indien, \u00e0 l&#8217;embouchure de l&#8217;Iowa. Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;une tribu d&#8217;Illinois qui les re\u00e7oivent bien. En septembre 1673, ils sont les premiers Blancs \u00e0 traverser la rivi\u00e8re Chicago. Puis ils d\u00e9couvrent l&#8217;embouchure du Missouri et de l&#8217;Ohio, deux affluents du Mississippi. \u00c0 l&#8217;embouchure de l&#8217;Ohio, ils ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 parcouru pr\u00e8s de 2000 kilom\u00e8tres. Ils n&#8217;osent continuer plus loin, les Indiens devenant hostiles. Craignant de tomber entre leurs mains, ils d\u00e9cident de rebrousser chemin. Le voyage se termine donc en de\u00e7\u00e0 de l&#8217;actuelle fronti\u00e8re de l&#8217;Arkansas et de la Louisiane. Il leur restait 1100 kilom\u00e8tres \u00e0 parcourir avant d&#8217;atteindre l&#8217;embouchure du Mississippi.<\/p>\n<p>Presque 10 ans plus tard, en janvier 1682, Robert Cavelier de La Salle, parti de Montr\u00e9al, descend le Mississippi avec 23 Fran\u00e7ais et 18 Am\u00e9rindiens. En f\u00e9vrier, ils atteignent Memphis, o\u00f9 La Salle fait \u00e9riger le petit fort Prud&#8217;homme. Cavelier de La Salle et ses hommes atteignent le delta du Mississippi le 6 avril. Le 9 avril, pr\u00e8s de l&#8217;actuel Venice, il prend officiellement possession du territoire d\u00e9couvert au nom du roi de France et le nomme &#8220;Louisiane&#8221; en l&#8217;honneur du roi Louis XIV; il devient ainsi le fondateur de la Louisiane.<br \/>\nMais il faut attendre 1697 avant qu&#8217;un d\u00e9but de colonisation fran\u00e7aise s&#8217;effectue en Louisiane d&#8217;abord sous la gouverne du Canadien Pierre Le Moyne d&#8217;Iberville, qui fonde Biloxi et en fait la capitale de la Louisiane. Son fr\u00e8re, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, continue son \u0153uvre et fonde Mobile en 1702, puis la Nouvelle-Orl\u00e9ans en 1718.<\/p>\n<p>Ce d\u00e9but de colonisation de la Louisiane renforce la pr\u00e9sence fran\u00e7aise et encourage les exp\u00e9ditions de d\u00e9couverte dans tout le bassin versant du Mississipi. En 1714, le Canadien Louis Juchereau de Saint-Denis part de Port-Dauphin (Mobile) pour explorer le pays des Natchitoches; il se rend jusqu&#8217;au Presidio del Norte sur le fleuve Rio Grande et fait jonction avec les Espagnols. Il pr\u00e9sente ses lettres de cr\u00e9ance \u00e0 Mexico au duc de Linar\u00e8s, vice-roi du Mexique. Dans le m\u00eame temps, \u00c9tienne V\u00e9niard de Bourgmont explore la rivi\u00e8re Kansas et la rivi\u00e8re Platte dans le Nebraska; plus tard, il remonte le Missouri et \u00e9tablit le fort Orl\u00e9ans sur le Missouri \u00e0 250 km du Mississippi. Finalement, il remonte jusqu&#8217;au pays des Padoucas dans le Dakota du Sud. En 1716, Bienville explore le pays des Natchez et fonde le fort Rosalie, puis en 1717, le fort Toulouse au pays des Alibamas (Alabama). Dans le m\u00eame temps, B\u00e9nard de La Harpe explore la haute-vall\u00e9e de l&#8217;Arkansas jusqu&#8217;aux Rocheuses. En 1718, Pierre du Gu\u00e9, sieur de Boisbriand, \u00e9tablit le fort de Chartres au pays des Illinois, \u00e0 la jonction du Mississippi et de la rivi\u00e8re Kaskaskia.<\/p>\n<p>Le trait\u00e9 de Paris de 1763 qui mettait fin \u00e0 la Guerre de Sept-Ans, adjugea tout le territoire de la Louisiane sis sur la rive orientale du Mississippi aux Anglais; il ne restait donc en propre \u00e0 la Louisiane que les territoires occidentaux du bassin versant du Mississippi jusqu&#8217;au Canada ainsi que le delta donnant sur le golfe du Mexique. Trois ans plus tard en 1766, le gouvernement fran\u00e7ais se trouvant dans une mauvaise passe, il conclut un trait\u00e9 secret avec l&#8217;Espagne lui transf\u00e9rant tout le territoire restant de la Louisiane. C&#8217;est ainsi que les Espagnols furent en possession de la Louisiane occidentale de 1766 \u00e0 1803. Pendant leur tenure, la population de la Louisiane passa de 12 000 \u00e0 50 000 habitants, en majorit\u00e9 fran\u00e7ais, canadiens ou acadiens. L&#8217;arriv\u00e9e de nombreux d\u00e9port\u00e9s acadiens apr\u00e8s 1755, de Fran\u00e7ais fuyant la r\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise de 1789 et de Cr\u00e9oles fuyant celle d&#8217;Ha\u00efti en 1791 expliquent la vigueur de cette expansion.<\/p>\n<p>En 1803, les Espagnols retournent la Louisiane occidentale \u00e0 la France gouvern\u00e9e par Napol\u00e9on Ier. Celui-ci, endett\u00e9 et press\u00e9 par des soucis strat\u00e9giques europ\u00e9ens, comprend qu&#8217;il ne pourra d\u00e9fendre la Louisiane contre les Am\u00e9ricains \u00e0 qui il doit beaucoup d&#8217;argent. Apr\u00e8s des n\u00e9gociations rapides, il vend la Louisiane aux Am\u00e9ricains pour environ 15 millions de dollars; le 20 d\u00e9cembre 1803, le drapeau am\u00e9ricain flotte en Louisiane. En1804, les Am\u00e9ricains divise la Louisiane en deux : la Haute-Louisiane au nord du 33\u00e8 parall\u00e8le, devient le Territoire de la Louisiane sous le gouverneur Claiborne; la Basse-Louisiane au sud du 33\u00e8 parall\u00e8le devient le Territoire d&#8217;Orl\u00e9ans. Le 8 avril 1812, ce territoire rejoint l&#8217;Union am\u00e9ricaine et devient l&#8217;\u00c9tat de Louisiane avec une premi\u00e8re constitution r\u00e9dig\u00e9e en fran\u00e7ais et en anglais. La participation canadienne \u00e0 l&#8217;exploration du territoire a continu\u00e9 m\u00eame apr\u00e8s la prise en charge am\u00e9ricaine. Par exemple, la fameuse exp\u00e9dition de Lewis et Clark a \u00e9t\u00e9 rendu possible gr\u00e2ce aux guides canadiens et indiens; mentionnons entre autres, les Canadiens Pierre Dorion, Toussaint Charbonneau et son \u00e9pouse indienne, Fran\u00e7ois Labiche et Georges Drouillard dont la connaissance des langues indiennes et du territoire et leurs aptitudes de chasseurs furent essentielles au succ\u00e8s de l&#8217;exp\u00e9dition.<\/p>\n<p>La France a \u00e9t\u00e9 fort bien servie par ses pionniers, d\u00e9couvreurs, explorateurs, missionnaires, colons et coureurs des bois sur le territoire nord-am\u00e9ricain. Outre l&#8217;audace et le courage physique et moral n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 leur entreprise, ceux-ci semblaient \u00eatre saisis d&#8217;une vision strat\u00e9gique de l&#8217;aventure fran\u00e7aise en Am\u00e9rique et eurent l&#8217;intelligence d&#8217;\u00e9tablir g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de bons rapports avec les tribus indiennes; sans quoi la p\u00e9n\u00e9tration de cet \u00e9norme continent sur une si vaste \u00e9chelle par un si petit groupe d&#8217;hommes aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 impossible. Mais la France a fort mal \u00e9t\u00e9 servie par le gouvernement royal m\u00e9tropolitain, qui \u00e9tait obnubil\u00e9 par les guerres europ\u00e9ennes et ne comprenait pas les facteurs essentiels \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation et au maintien d&#8217;un empire outre-mer. Si l&#8217;adresse des gouvernants avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 la hauteur des efforts sur le terrain, le sort de l&#8217;Am\u00e9rique du Nord aurait pu \u00eatre fort diff\u00e9rent. Quoi qu&#8217;il en soit, nous les descendants de ces pionniers fran\u00e7ais devons \u00eatre fiers de la trace qu&#8217;ils ont laiss\u00e9 sur l&#8217;Am\u00e9rique du Nord, trace qui est visible partout sur le continent pour celui qui sait regarder et vivace encore dans plusieurs r\u00e9gions des \u00c9tats-Unis et du Canada.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\">I am very grateful to my good friend, <a href=\"mailto:guy.theriault@sympatico.ca\">Guy Th\u00e9riault<\/a>, Editor\/R\u00e9dacteur of &#8220;Le Terriot&#8221; Newsletter of the<br \/>\nAssociation des familles Th\u00e9riault d&#8217;Am\u00e9rique and author of this excellent article, for having provided me authorization to post this.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[Original French Article Posted Below English Text] Sommaire: Cet article d\u00e9crit la naissance et le d\u00e9veloppement de la Louisiane sous le r\u00e9gime fran\u00e7ais depuis la d\u00e9couverte du Mississippi par les Espagnols jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 la vente finale par Napol\u00e9on aux Am\u00e9ricains. On y discute de la prise de possession de la Louisiane par les Fran\u00e7ais, de l&#8217;exploration [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":1454,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"iawp_total_views":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1581","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Louisiana Under French Rule - Acadian Genealogy - Historical Acadian-Cajun Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_CA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Louisiana Under French Rule - Acadian Genealogy - Historical Acadian-Cajun Resources\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[Original French Article Posted Below English Text] Sommaire: Cet article d\u00e9crit la naissance et le d\u00e9veloppement de la Louisiane sous le r\u00e9gime fran\u00e7ais depuis la d\u00e9couverte du Mississippi par les Espagnols jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 la vente finale par Napol\u00e9on aux Am\u00e9ricains. 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